Home/Latest Perspectives/Local Stories/日本における糖尿病の管理 – 患者はより重要な役割を果たすことができるか?

日本における糖尿病の管理 – 患者はより重要な役割を果たすことができるか?

Local Stories
CTL-Dr-Hamano-D

Key Takeaways

  • 糖尿病の効果的な管理には、疾患認知度の向上、健康的な生活習慣の促進、そして合併症を最小限に抑えるための予防戦略が必要です。
  • 糖尿病患者では、早期から定期的にNT-proBNPを測定することが心血管疾患をより効果的に管理するのに役立つかもしれません。
  • 診断法の革新と個別化された患者ケアを組み合わせることで、糖尿病患者の転帰の改善に役立つ可能性があります。

糖尿病は、何百万人もの人が罹患している世界的な健康問題です。 2021年の国際糖尿病連合(IDF)の報告では、糖尿病の有病率が急速に上昇しており、世界中で5億3,700万人(10人に1人)の成人が罹患していることが示唆されています。 2045年までに、7億8,300万人(8人に1人)の成人が糖尿病に罹患すると推定されています1

近年、日本では糖尿病が急速に増加しています。 IDFの2021年の推定によると、日本の成人1,100万人が糖尿病に罹患しています。 糖尿病の有病率の高さは、著しい経済的負担を招いており、生活習慣の変化と寿命の延伸に起因するものだと言えます2,3

この記事では、日本の関東労災病院の糖尿病専門医である浜野 久美子先生による、より良い転帰のために患者と臨床医が協力して果たすことができる役割に関する見識とともに、日本の糖尿病の現時点でのシナリオを浮き彫りにします。

日本における糖尿病 – 現状を評価する

日本では、高齢化および肥満が糖尿病の有病率上昇の一因となっています。 なかでも、急速な人口の高齢化は重大な懸念事項であり、疾病管理を難しいものにしています4

疾病管理を除いても、日本で糖尿病がもたらす経済的影響は大きく2018年度には、糖尿病の医療費が日本の総医療費の2.8%に相当する1.21兆円に達しました。 未治療の患者、治療脱落例、糖尿病の合併症の治療費が、医療費の増加の一因となっています5

日本で糖尿病による負担が増している理由は何か?

A westernized diet is touted to be a major reason making Japanese people more prone to developing type 2 diabetes. Traditional Japanese food includes low fat and calorie content, but a shift in people’s preference for processed food especially food high in animal fat and calories is reported to have increased abdominal adiposity, eventually resulting in type 2 diabetes.4

糖尿病では一般の人の認知と教育が重要であるものの、日本の糖尿病患者向けの標準的な糖尿病教育支援ツールは不足しています。 これと並んで、一般の人々は時間が無く、強い関心を持っていないことや、この疾患に伴うスティグマがさらなる障壁となっています。 会社員や地域住民を対象とする糖尿病スクリーニング検査が日本では定期的に実施されている一方、スクリーニング後すぐに治療するためのシステムがまだ整備されていないため、最も重要な時期に治療を提供できず、合併症が起きています6,7

日本における糖尿病管理 – アンメットニーズ

糖尿病の初期は無症状であり、人々は多くの場合、定期健診を受けようとしません。 その結果、日本では、中年期の人々に診断が下され、結果として治療が遅れることとなります。

2つ目の問題は人口の高齢化です。 高齢化の加速に伴い、日本では高齢者である糖尿病患者の数が増加し続けています。 高齢人口では、疾患が進行しており、治療により通常は十分な効果が得られません。 高齢者は、糖尿病以外にも複数の健康上の問題を抱えている可能性があるほか、認知機能を低下させ心血管イベントのリスクを高めかねない重度の低血糖にもなりやすいです8

Polypharmacy is another problem. Management of diabetes and its complications can lead to the addition of several medications to the drug regimen, contributing to polypharmacy. In Japan, around 65% of hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes report using six or more medications. Polypharmacy is associated with a higher risk of drug interactions, adverse events, and non-adherence, all of which can negatively impair the person’s quality of life.9

糖尿病に対する患者中心のケアについて言えば、さらに多くのことを行う必要があります。 浜野先生によると、日本では、診療所は通常多忙であり、患者ごとの問診とさまざまな身体検査に十分な時間が割り当てられていません。

現状を改善するための戦略

糖尿病の有病率の上昇を抑制するには、効果的な予防戦略を実施すること、主として糖尿病のリスクが高い患者をスクリーニングすること、認知度を高めること、そして健康的な生活習慣を促進することが必要です。

糖尿病をスクリーニングするための政府の取り組み

2008年4月、日本の厚生労働省は、メタボリックシンドロームを特定の対象とする全国的な健康スクリーニングおよび介入プログラムを導入しました。 このプログラムには、40~74歳の本人またはその家族を対象とした、腹部肥満および心血管代謝リスク因子に着目した年次健診(健康保険制度下で受けられる主な診療として保険適用となるもの)が含まれています10

The program resulted in a substantial and sustained improvement in abdominal obesity and reversal of metabolic syndrome, however, as per Dr. Hamano, such national programs are not sufficient to decrease or prevent type 2 diabetes because people are not motivated to prevent diabetes.11

患者の役割に関する評価

糖尿病は生活習慣に関連する疾患であるため、教育が重要です。 糖尿病患者が、本疾患の性質、治療、リスク因子、合併症について知ることは極めて重要です。 適切なタイミングで糖尿病をコントロールするための糖尿病に対する教育と知識により、合併症の可能性を最小限に抑え、罹患率と死亡率を低下させることができます12

浜野先生によると、教育は学校でかなり早い時期に始める必要があるとのことです。 食事の変化、栄養、および身体活動に関する日本の若者を対象とした教育的取り組みが優先されるべきです。

患者も、自身の糖尿病のモニタリングにおいて重要な役割を担っています。 糖尿病の自己モニタリングは、糖尿病管理、特に慢性合併症の予防に有用となります。 しかし、日本では血糖モニタリングへのアクセスに問題があり、すなわち、血糖モニタリングのほとんどは保険診療の範囲のみで実施されていると浜野先生はいいます。 そのため、患者は自身の疾患を管理するためのリソースが非常に限られています13

問題をさらに複雑にしているのは、日本の患者が意思決定プロセスにほとんど関与していないことです。 自身の疾患に関する科学的知識の不足により、多くの場合に患者は有害になりかねない誤った判断を下してしまうかもしれません。 疾病管理への患者の関与を深めることが非常に重要です。

糖尿病の管理における臨床医の役割

2型糖尿病においてバイオマーカーが心血管疾患管理に果たす役割

Individuals with type 2 diabetes have a significantly elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular biomarkers are useful tools for determining patient prognosis in type 2 diabetes and may inform therapeutic mechanisms of action.

In type 2 diabetes, N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP), released from stressed cardiomyocytes is strongly associated with heart failure diagnosis and adverse cardiovascular events. The CANVAS study highlights the use of NT-proBNP for identifying the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes patients. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at high risk for cardiovascular events including heart failure, especially when blood levels of NT-proBNP are elevated, but treatment with canagliflozin reduces this risk. The PONTIAC study concluded that NT-proBNP is an excellent marker to select diabetic patients at risk of cardiac events. Patient pre-selection using NT-proBNP concentration may also help identify diabetes patients who can benefit from intensified multifactorial intervention.14,15

The 2021 joint Consensus Statement from the Japanese Circulation Society and the Japan Diabetes Society also emphasizes the importance of biomarker measurement in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases in people with type 2 diabetes.16

NT-proBNPを用いた2型糖尿病の心血管疾患リスクの特定 – 浜野先生の臨床診療

Heart failure symptoms are masked in the early phase of the disease – patients usually present with subjective complaints that may be confused with aging or just fatigue. Hence, diagnosis of heart failure in the early stage is often delayed. Biomarkers such as natriuretic peptides have high sensitivity and specificity and measuring these biomarkers can help differentiate heart failure from other conditions. Dr. Hamano has been using NT-proBNP measurement for routine practice since 2007. She measures NT-proBNP in type 2 diabetic patients, mainly those who have more than 10 years of the disease and established cardiovascular risks.

As per Dr. Hamano, starting early routine check-ups of NT-proBNP can help prevent cardiovascular disease more effectively. It should be measured at least once when diagnosed with type 2 diabetes because they possibly may be having diabetes long before being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

Measuring NT-proBNP in routine clinical practice can also help detect silent ischemia and save lives. As per Dr. Hamano, measurement of NT-proBNP has been instrumental in identifying high-risk patients such as those with triple vessel disease and referral to cardiologists at the appropriate time has saved many lives.

診断法の革新により、患者を医療の中心へ導くことが可能

診断法の革新により、患者を医療の中心に導くことができ、糖尿病などの疾患を抱えて生きる人々の臨床転帰を改善することができます。 こうした革新は、若年世代に有用であり、将来は主流となるかもしれません。 糖尿病を管理する際は、患者ケアの個別化が重要です。すなわち、患者の生活習慣、心理状態、教育、経済的水準、および社会的背景を常に考慮しなければなりません。

Home/Latest Perspectives/Local Stories/Management of Diabetes in Japan – Can Patients Play a More Significant Role?

Management of Diabetes in Japan – Can Patients Play a More Significant Role?

Local Stories
Dr Kumiko Hamano being interviewed.

Key Takeaways

  • Effective management of diabetes requires raising disease awareness, promoting a healthy lifestyle, and preventive strategies to minimize complications.
  • In patients with diabetes, early routine measurements of NT-proBNP might help manage cardiovascular diseases more effectively.
  • Diagnostic innovations coupled with individualized patient care can help improve patient outcomes in diabetes.

Diabetes is a global health concern affecting millions. The 2021 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) report suggests a rapid increase in diabetes prevalence with the condition affecting 537 million (one in ten) adults globally. By 2045, it is estimated that 783 million (one in eight) adults will be living with diabetes.1

Recently there has been a rapid growth in diabetes in Japan. As per IDF 2021 estimates, 11 million adults in Japan have diabetes. The high prevalence of diabetes is associated with a significant economic burden and can be attributed to lifestyle changes and increased longevity.2,3

This article highlights the current scenario of diabetes in Japan with insights from Dr. Kumiko Hamano, an Endocrinologist from Kanto Rosai Hospital, Japan on the role that patients and clinicians can play by working together for better outcomes.

Diabetes in Japan – Assessing the Current Situation

In Japan, aging and obesity contribute to the increase in diabetes prevalence. Of this, the rapidly aging population is a major concern, which makes disease management a challenge.4

Apart from disease management, the economic impact of diabetes in Japan is significant. In the fiscal year 2018, medical costs for diabetes reached 1.21 trillion yen or 2.8% of Japan’s total medical costs. Untreated patients, therapy drop-outs, and the cost of treating diabetic complications contribute to the escalating costs of medical care.5

What is the Reason for Increase in Diabetes Burden in Japan?

A westernized diet is touted to be a major reason making Japanese people more prone to developing type 2 diabetes. Traditional Japanese food includes low fat and calorie content, but a shift in people’s preference for processed food especially food high in animal fat and calories is reported to have increased abdominal adiposity, eventually resulting in type 2 diabetes.4

Public awareness and education are important in diabetes – yet there is a lack of standard diabetes education support tools for people with diabetes in Japan. Alongside this, a lack of time and enthusiasm among the people and stigma related to the disease are some additional barriers. While employee-based and community-based diabetes screening tests are regularly carried out in Japan, there is still a lack of systems for treating them immediately after screening resulting in the loss of the most important period of the therapy and the development of complications.6,7

Diabetes Management in Japan – Unmet Needs

Diabetes shows no symptoms in the early stages and people often avoid going for regular checkups. As a result, in Japan, diagnosis is made mainly in people in their middle age, and treatment is eventually delayed.

The second challenge is the aging population. With the accelerated aging of society, the number of elderly patients with diabetes continues to rise in Japan. In the aged population, the disease is advanced, and treatment is usually insufficient.  The elderly may have several health issues apart from diabetes and are also more susceptible to severe hypoglycemia which impairs cognitive function and can increase the risk of cardiovascular events.8

Polypharmacy is another problem. Management of diabetes and its complications can lead to the addition of several medications to the drug regimen, contributing to polypharmacy. In Japan, around 65% of hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes report using six or more medications. Polypharmacy is associated with a higher risk of drug interactions, adverse events, and non-adherence, all of which can negatively impair the person’s quality of life.9

More needs to be done when it comes to patient-centric care for diabetes. As per Dr. Hamano, in Japan, the clinics are usually busy and insufficient time is allotted for medical interviews and extensive physical examinations per patient.

Strategies to Improve the Current Situation

Curbing the increasing prevalence of diabetes requires the implementation of effective preventive strategies, mainly screening people at high risk for diabetes, increasing awareness, and promoting a healthy lifestyle.

Government Initiatives to Screen Diabetes

In April 2008, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare introduced a nationwide health screening and intervention program specifically targeting metabolic syndrome. The program included annual health check-ups (covered as primary beneficiaries under the health insurance system) focused on abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors, for individuals, or their family members, aged 40–74 years.10

The program resulted in a substantial and sustained improvement in abdominal obesity and reversal of metabolic syndrome, however, as per Dr. Hamano, such national programs are not sufficient to decrease or prevent type 2 diabetes because people are not motivated to prevent diabetes.11

Assessing the Patient’s Roles

Diabetes is a lifestyle-related disease, so education is important. It is crucial for diabetic patients to be aware of the nature, treatment, risk factors, and complications of the disease. Diabetes education and knowledge to control diabetes at the right time can minimize the chances of complications and reduce morbidity and mortality.12

As per Dr. Hamano, education needs to start very early at school. Educational initiatives targeting younger Japanese on a change in diet, nutrition, and physical activities should be prioritized.

Patients also play a vital role in monitoring their diabetes. Diabetes self-monitoring can be useful for diabetes management, especially for the prevention of chronic complications. However, there are accessibility issues with blood sugar monitoring in Japan – it’s only distributed by the hospital under reimbursement, says Dr. Hamano. So, the patients have very limited resources to manage their disease.13

Compounding the problem, patients in Japan are hardly involved in any decision-making process. Due to a lack of scientific knowledge of their disease, patients often might make misjudged decisions that could be detrimental. Increasing patient involvement in disease management is critical.

Clinician’s Role in Managing Diabetes

Role of biomarkers for cardiovascular disease management in type 2 diabetes

Individuals with type 2 diabetes have a significantly elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular biomarkers are useful tools for determining patient prognosis in type 2 diabetes and may inform therapeutic mechanisms of action.

In type 2 diabetes, N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP), released from stressed cardiomyocytes is strongly associated with heart failure diagnosis and adverse cardiovascular events. The CANVAS study highlights the use of NT-proBNP for identifying the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes patients. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at high risk for cardiovascular events including heart failure, especially when blood levels of NT-proBNP are elevated, but treatment with canagliflozin reduces this risk. The PONTIAC study concluded that NT-proBNP is an excellent marker to select diabetic patients at risk of cardiac events. Patient pre-selection using NT-proBNP concentration may also help identify diabetes patients who can benefit from intensified multifactorial intervention.14,15

The 2021 joint Consensus Statement from the Japanese Circulation Society and the Japan Diabetes Society also emphasizes the importance of biomarker measurement in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases in people with type 2 diabetes.16

Using NT-proBNP to identify cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes – Dr. Hamano’s clinical practice

Heart failure symptoms are masked in the early phase of the disease – patients usually present with subjective complaints that may be confused with aging or just fatigue. Hence, diagnosis of heart failure in the early stage is often delayed. Biomarkers such as natriuretic peptides have high sensitivity and specificity and measuring these biomarkers can help differentiate heart failure from other conditions. Dr. Hamano has been using NT-proBNP measurement for routine practice since 2007. She measures NT-proBNP in type 2 diabetic patients, mainly those who have more than 10 years of the disease and established cardiovascular risks.

As per Dr. Hamano, starting early routine check-ups of NT-proBNP can help prevent cardiovascular disease more effectively. It should be measured at least once when diagnosed with type 2 diabetes because they possibly may be having diabetes long before being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

Measuring NT-proBNP in routine clinical practice can also help detect silent ischemia and save lives. As per Dr. Hamano, measurement of NT-proBNP has been instrumental in identifying high-risk patients such as those with triple vessel disease and referral to cardiologists at the appropriate time has saved many lives.

Diagnostic Innovations Can Bring Patients to the Core of Healthcare

Diagnostic innovations can bring patients to the core of healthcare and improve clinical outcomes for individuals living with diseases such as diabetes. Such innovations would be useful for the younger generations and may become mainstream in the future. Individualizing patient care is important when managing diabetes– the individual’s lifestyle, mental state, education, economical level, and social background should always be considered.

References

  1.     Diabetes facts & figures. International Diabetes Federation. 2021. Available at: http://www.diabetesatlas.org/. Accessed on: 30 August 2022.
  2.     Diabetes in Western Pacific. International Diabetes Federation. 2021. Available at: https://diabetesatlas.org/idfawp/resource-files/2021/11/IDF-Atlas-Factsheet-2021_WP.pdf. Accessed on: 30 August 2022.
  3.     Tanaka R, Motohashi S, Morioka J, et al. Continuity of diabetes care among elderly Japanese patients: a medical record review study in a specialized diabetes clinic. Diabetol Int. 2022;13(3):584-589.
  4.     Nakagawa H, Varjavand N, Onishi Y. A Glimpse into the Care of Diabetic Patients in Tokyo, Japan through the Educational Hospitalization Program. The Columbia University Journal of Global Health, 8(1). 2019. Available at: https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/jgh/article/download/4957/4486. Accessed on: 30 August 2022.
  5.     Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2020) Heisei 30 Nendo Kokumun Iryouhi no Gaikyou (Summary of the National Medical Expenditures, Fiscal Year 2018). Tokyo. (In Japanese)
  6.     Japan Association for Diabetes Education and Care. Available at: https://www.nittokyo.or.jp/modules/doctor/index.php?content_id=29. Accessed on: 30 August 2022.
  7.     Hirata Y. Systems for the treatment of diabetes in Japan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994;24 Suppl:S229-S232.
  8.     Japan Diabetes Society (JDS)/Japan Geriatrics Society (JGS) Joint Committee on Improving Care for Elderly Patients with Diabetes, Haneda M, Ito H. Glycemic targets for elderly patients with diabetes. Diabetol Int. 2016;7(4):331-333.
  9.     Horii T, Iwasawa M, Kabeya Y, Atuda K. Polypharmacy and oral antidiabetic treatment for type 2 diabetes characterised by drug class and patient characteristics: A Japanese database analysis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):12992.
  10.   Kohro T, Furui Y, Mitsutake N, et al. The Japanese national health screening and intervention program aimed at preventing worsening of the metabolic syndrome. Int Heart J. 2008;49(2):193-203.
  11.   Nakao YM, Miyamoto Y, Ueshima K, et al. Effectiveness of nationwide screening and lifestyle intervention for abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risks in Japan: The metabolic syndrome and comprehensive lifestyle intervention study on nationwide database in Japan (MetS ACTION-J study). PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0190862.
  12.   Nazar CM, Bojerenu MM, Safdar M, Marwat J. Effectiveness of diabetes education and awareness of diabetes mellitus in combating diabetes in the United Kigdom; a literature review. J Nephropharmacol. 2015;5(2):110-115.
  13.   Tanaka N, Yabe D, Murotani K, et al. Effects of physician’s diabetes self-management education using Japan Association of Diabetes Education and Care Diabetes Education Card System Program and a self-monitoring of blood glucose readings analyzer in individuals with type 2 diabetes: An exploratory, open-labeled, prospective randomized clinical trial. J Diabetes Investig. 2021;12(12):2221-2231.
  14.   Januzzi JL Jr, Xu J, Li J, et al. Effects of Canagliflozin on Amino-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(18):2076-2085.
  15.   Huelsmann M, Neuhold S, Resl M, et al. PONTIAC (NT-proBNP selected prevention of cardiac events in a population of diabetic patients without a history of cardiac disease): a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(15):1365-1372.
  16.   Araki E, Tanaka A, Inagaki N, et al. Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in People With Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes – A Consensus Statement Jointly From the Japanese Circulation Society and the Japan Diabetes Society. Circ J. 2020;85(1):82-125.